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Industries · Quantum Computing & Post-Quantum Security

Harvest Now. Decrypt Later.

On June 22, 2026, the President signed two quantum executive orders, and EO 14412 set hard federal deadlines for post-quantum cryptography: key establishment by December 31, 2030 and digital signatures by December 31, 2031. AxiSentinel evaluates whether an organization's AI systems, evidence chains, and infrastructure meet the cryptographic standard each deadline actually requires.

$1.9B → $19.4B
Global Quantum Computing Market, 2026 to 2035
Jun 22, 2026
Executive Orders 14412 & 14413 Signed, Setting the Federal PQC Clock
Dec 31, 2030
Deadline: High-Value Federal Systems Must Transition to PQC Key Establishment
Jan 1, 2027
CNSA 2.0 Deadline: New National-Security-System Acquisitions Must Be Quantum-Safe
Dec 31, 2031
Deadline: High-Value Federal Systems Must Use PQC Digital Signatures (EO 14412)

Last verified: 23 October 2026

AxiLayer AI Assurance Intelligence

Mandates and deadlines for Quantum Computing & Post-Quantum Security

0 industry-specific mandates and 61 that apply across all industries, worldwide.

Next date for this industry: 1 Nov 2026, Egypt PDPL compliance period ends.

See all 61 mandates →
See every deadline →
WHAT'S CHANGING

Encryption Everyone Trusts Today Has an Expiration Date

For 30 years, RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography protected everything from TLS sessions to signed audit records. A sufficiently powerful quantum computer breaks both. The government's answer arrived not as a single law but as a stack of deadlines, standards, and acquisition rules, most of them binding now, some on a clock that starts the day a system is built, not the day it's attacked.

Aug 2024
NIST Finalizes FIPS 203, 204 & 205
Key-encapsulation (ML-KEM), digital-signature (ML-DSA), and hash-based backup signature (SLH-DSA) standards published, giving vendors an actual target to build against.
2025
CNSA 2.0 Software & Firmware Signing Milestone
National Security Systems are directed to prefer quantum-safe software and firmware signing starting this year, the first live CNSA 2.0 deadline.
Jun 22, 2026
EO 14412 & EO 14413 Signed
"Securing the Nation Against Advanced Cryptographic Attacks" and "Ushering in the Next Frontier of Quantum Innovation" set migration leads and implementation-plan deadlines, and direct the FAR Council to propose PQC requirements for contractors.
Sep 21, 2026
FIPS 140-2 Certificates Sunset
All remaining FIPS 140-2 module certificates moved to Historical status; only FIPS 140-3-validated modules are acceptable for new federal procurement.
Jan 1, 2027
CNSA 2.0 Acquisition Deadline
New National Security System acquisitions and networking equipment must be quantum-safe from this date forward.
Dec 31, 2030
Federal PQC Key-Establishment Deadline
All federal high-value assets and high-impact systems must transition to post-quantum key establishment; a FAR rule to be proposed by about 19 Dec 2026 would require covered contractors to meet NIST FIPS, including PQC, by the same date.
Jun 24, 2026
OMB Issues the Federal PQC Migration Memo
M-26-15 sets five migration phases from 2026 to 2035, with civilian agency PQC migration plans due within 120 days.
Jun 23, 2026
Department of War PQC Strategy
All department systems must support PQC by 31 Dec 2030 and use it by 31 Dec 2031, with a PQC update planned for CMMC.
The deadline that matters isn't when a quantum computer can break your encryption. It's when your data was harvested, which, for anything sensitive, may already have happened.

The evidence gap

A cryptographic inventory is a point-in-time spreadsheet. AxiSentinel is built for the years between now and 2030, while migration is actually happening system by system.

Who this page is for

  • AI vendors and cloud platforms serving federal or defense customers
  • Organizations holding federal contractor or subcontractor status
  • Critical-infrastructure operators facing FAR-linked PQC requirements
  • CISOs building a cryptographic migration roadmap against a real deadline
Global Coverage

Every Deadline That Defines "Quantum-Safe"

From NIST's finalized standards to the executive orders enforcing them, AxiSentinel tracks the full stack of quantum-security obligations bearing down on AI infrastructure.

FEDERAL / NIST
FIPS 203, 204 & 205, Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards
LIVE

The finalized key-encapsulation and digital-signature standards every federal PQC deadline is measured against.

  • ML-KEM (FIPS 203): key-establishment standard, the most widely implemented so far.
  • ML-DSA (FIPS 204): primary digital-signature standard; commercial adoption confirmed lagging behind ML-KEM.
AxiSentinel coverage: LIVE in the RegDef library today.
FEDERAL / EXECUTIVE ORDER
EO 14412, Securing the Nation Against Advanced Cryptographic Attacks
BINDING PHASED DEADLINES

Signed June 22, 2026. Directs federal agencies and their contractors onto a hard PQC migration schedule running through 2031.

  • Agency deadlines: migration leads designated within 30 days, implementation plans within 90.
  • Contractor reach: a FAR rule to be proposed by about 19 Dec 2026 would extend the obligation to government contractors, subcontractors, and cloud providers.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked, RegDef package build scheduled.
NATIONAL SECURITY
CNSA 2.0, Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
BINDING

The NSA's phased quantum-safe timeline for National Security Systems, with the first acquisition deadline already in force.

  • Jan 2027: new NSS acquisitions and networking equipment must be quantum-safe.
  • 2033: operating systems and web/cloud services must exclusively use quantum-safe algorithms.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked, RegDef package build scheduled.
FEDERAL / PROCUREMENT
FIPS 140-3 Validation Requirement
IN FORCE SINCE SEP 2026

All remaining FIPS 140-2 certificates moved to Historical status on September 21, 2026; only FIPS 140-3-validated cryptographic modules are acceptable for new federal procurement.

  • Procurement gate: a non-compliant module blocks new federal sales outright, not just flags a finding.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked ahead of the September 2026 sunset.
US CONGRESS
Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (P.L. 117-260)
BINDING ENACTED 2022

Requires federal agencies to inventory IT systems vulnerable to quantum decryption and prioritize migration once NIST standards are published, the standards are now published.

  • Annual obligation: cryptographic inventory and migration-progress reporting to Congress continues for 5 years after NIST issued its PQC standards, through 2029.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked, RegDef package build scheduled.
EU / EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for Post-Quantum Cryptography
RECOMMENDATION

Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/1101 (11 April 2024), operationalized by the NIS Cooperation Group's roadmap. Non-binding on member states but sets the EU-wide reference timeline.

  • By Dec 2026: member states to have national PQC transition roadmaps and pilots underway.
  • By Dec 2030: PQC transition complete for high-risk use cases; by Dec 2035, for medium- and low-risk use cases.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked as a watch item.
UNITED KINGDOM
NCSC Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration Timeline
GUIDANCE

Published 20 March 2025 by the National Cyber Security Centre. Not mandatory, but the reference timeline UK organizations are measured against.

  • By 2028: identify cryptographic services needing upgrades and build a migration plan.
  • 2028 to 2031: execute high-priority upgrades; 2031 to 2035: complete migration for all systems, services and products.
AxiSentinel coverage: tracked as a watch item.
CROSS-CUTTING
NIST AI RMF & ISO/IEC 42001
LIVE

General-purpose AI risk-management frameworks that already apply to any AI system whose cryptographic posture is part of its own risk profile.

  • Applies today: an AI vendor's key-management and signing practices are squarely inside these frameworks' scope.
AxiSentinel coverage: live in the RegDef library today.
Coverage

Use cases we evaluate

From a single cryptographic module to an entire federal system portfolio, AxiSentinel evaluates the software and evidence continuously, not just at audit time.

Cryptographic algorithm inventory evidence
Continuous evidence of which key-establishment and signature algorithms are actually in use, not a one-time spreadsheet.
FIPS 140-3 module validation tracking
Evidence that cryptographic modules in production are validated, not merely claimed compliant.
CNSA 2.0 migration-phase compliance
Evidence mapped to each CNSA 2.0 deadline, by system category.
Federal contractor FAR clause readiness review
Preparation evidence ahead of new FAR post-quantum requirements reaching contractor agreements.
"Harvest now, decrypt later" exposure assessment
Evidence of which data classes remain vulnerable to future decryption given current algorithm choices.
TLS 1.3-and-successor deployment evidence
Tracking evidence for the federal TLS support deadline.
Hybrid classical/post-quantum deployment tracking
Evidence for organizations running hybrid algorithms during the transition window.
Signed audit-record cryptographic-agility evidence
Evidence that an evidence chain's own signing algorithm can be swapped without breaking its integrity guarantees.
Vendor cryptographic bill-of-materials verification
Evidence of what cryptography actually ships inside third-party AI components.
Quantum-safe key-management lifecycle evidence
Evidence for key generation, rotation, and retirement practices under the new standards.
National Security System acquisition-readiness review
Evidence prepared ahead of CNSA 2.0's acquisition deadlines.
Cross-agency PQC implementation-plan tracking
Evidence a federal agency's own 90-day implementation plan is actually being executed.
Cloud-service-provider PQC compliance evidence
Evidence for cloud and SaaS vendors selling into federal or defense customers.
Legacy/custom-equipment exception documentation
Evidence supporting the narrower exception timelines legacy systems are held to.
Post-quantum algorithm performance-regression evidence
Evidence that a PQC migration didn't silently degrade system performance or reliability.
Digital-signature migration lag tracking
Evidence addressing the confirmed gap between key-encapsulation and digital-signature adoption.
Quantum-readiness board and investor reporting
Board-level evidence packages summarizing migration status against public deadlines.
Software/firmware signing-key migration evidence
Evidence for the earliest CNSA 2.0 milestone, already in force.
AI model-weight encryption-at-rest evidence
Evidence that model artifacts themselves are protected under a quantum-safe standard.
Multi-jurisdiction cryptographic-standard reconciliation
Evidence reconciling US NIST/CNSA requirements against any other jurisdiction's own cryptographic rules.
Auditable AI Decisions

Migration and investment decisions for the quantum era

Organizations use AI to inventory cryptography, prioritize post-quantum migration and plan quantum investments. Federal migration timelines make these long-running decisions that must be revisited as standards and threats change.

  • Decision recordsMigration priorities recorded with their options, constraints, assumptions and risks.
  • TraceabilityEach priority linked to the system inventory and risk data behind it.
  • What would change the decisionSensitivity on the timelines and threat assumptions that would reorder the plan.
  • Sign-off and refreshA named leader approves, and the plan is reviewed again as standards change.
A qualified AxiLayer AI auditor reviews and signs every decision record before it counts.
AI cybersecurity

AI cybersecurity for quantum computing

Quantum progress threatens the encryption that protects AI models, training data and signed evidence today. AxiLayer AI works hand in hand with your cybersecurity team to test, monitor and evidence that these AI systems stay secure, under your written authorization.

Threats we assess

Harvest now, decrypt later
Encrypted AI data and model weights captured today to be decrypted later.
Weak cryptography in AI pipelines
Legacy algorithms protecting data transfers, model signing and logs.
Crypto inventory gaps
No clear view of where vulnerable cryptography sits across AI systems.

Security rules and standards to plan for

NIST FIPS 203, 204 and 205 (August 2024)
The first post-quantum cryptography standards: ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA.
NIST IR 8547 (draft)
Proposes deprecating quantum-vulnerable algorithms after 2030 and disallowing them after 2035.
U.S. National Security Memorandum 10 (May 2022)
Sets the federal direction for migrating to quantum-resistant cryptography.

Explore AI Cybersecurity Request an AI Cybersecurity Readiness Review

Status as of 28 October 2026. General information, not legal advice. Certifications, CE marking and regulated assessments named here are issued by the bodies the law designates.

Questions

Frequently asked questions

What post-quantum cryptography requirements apply to organizations in 2026?

NIST finalized FIPS 203, 204 and 205 in August 2024, the standards every post-quantum deadline is measured against. Executive Order 14412, signed 22 June 2026, requires federal high-value systems to move to PQC key establishment by 31 December 2030 and PQC digital signatures by 31 December 2031. Since 21 September 2026, only FIPS 140-3-validated modules are acceptable for new federal procurement.

When must new national security system acquisitions be quantum-safe?

From 1 January 2027. Under CNSA 2.0, new National Security System acquisitions and networking equipment must be quantum-safe from that date, and operating systems and web and cloud services must use quantum-safe algorithms exclusively by 2033. Contractors should also watch for a FAR rule, to be proposed by about 19 December 2026, extending PQC requirements to contractors, subcontractors and cloud providers.

What is harvest now, decrypt later, and how do we assess exposure?

It is the risk that encrypted data stolen today is decrypted once a quantum computer can break RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography; for sensitive data, the harvest may already have happened. Federal agencies must already inventory quantum-vulnerable systems under the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act. Expect to show a continuous inventory of the algorithms in use and which data classes remain exposed.

What is a post-quantum readiness assessment for AI systems, and who performs it?

It is a third-party assessment of whether an organization's AI systems, evidence chains and infrastructure use the cryptography each deadline requires. It covers algorithm inventories, FIPS 140-3 module validation, key management, model-weight encryption and whether signed audit records can switch algorithms without losing integrity. A qualified AxiLayer AI auditor reviews and signs every finding.

How can AxiLayer AI help organizations prepare for post-quantum deadlines?

AxiLayer AI evaluates cryptographic posture continuously with AxiSentinel against the rules that apply in each market, from NIST FIPS 203, 204 and 205 and EO 14412 to CNSA 2.0, the EU PQC roadmap and the UK NCSC timeline, tracking migration system by system. Every finding is reviewed and signed by a qualified AxiLayer AI auditor. Request a briefing to review your migration status.

Last verified: 23 October 2026. See every mandate for this industry on the AI Audit Mandates Map.